Are We Living A Society That Judges Our Appearances

Are We Living in a Society That Judges Our Appearances? Most women are pressured to look good because the media and society have created an environment that requires women to have beautiful appearances. This has led plastic surgery to become popular as a way to obtain glamorous appearances and a better life. As Jane Megan Northrop stated, many women believe society has required people to have beautiful exteriors to become a likeable person for different societal groups. Northrop points out that historically, physical appearance has always played a major role in social groups. Even children have their ideal body appearances. As the importance of body appearances in society brought attention to the media to have plastic surgery shows,†¦show more content†¦The article Reflecting on Cosmetic Surgery: Body Image, Shame, and Narcissism by Jane Megan Northrop points out that the physical body has always played a major role in society throughout history. This situation has caused cosmetic surgeries to increase rapidly, because people wan t to fit in to obtain a successful life. One of the aspects of society they want to fit in is their social groups. Northrop used Marcel Mauss’s idea to explain how body appearances influence social groups. According to Mauss this process is called â€Å"prestigious imitation† (Northrop). In the article stated â€Å"He argued that understanding such processes could not be achieved by sociological endeavor alone and called for a tripartite approach which incorporated sociology, psychology, and physiology† (Northrop). The use of body techniques or the use of outer materials like clothes to have ideal appearance to associate with different social groups. Mauss used sociology, psychology, and physiology concepts to understand prestigious imitation to see how others are socialize with their social groups. As people observe their society through the media or with their own experiences to see what kind of people are benefited the most. The result of the media is that th e people with good appearances have more fun, are more sociable, are smarter, and have a better life. Their observations lead them to want to have good appearance which can result in the use of plastic surgery. When one personShow MoreRelated Appearance and Acceptance in Frankenstein and the Modern World1351 Words   |  6 PagesAppearance and Acceptance in Frankenstein and the Modern World       One of the main themes in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein is the importance of appearance and acceptance in modern society. In todays society, and also in the society of Frankenstein, people judge one often solely on their looks. Social prejudice is often based on looks, whether it be the color of someones skin, the clothes that a person wears, the facial features that one has and even the way one stands. 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Do we even move past that negative perception to get to know the person or do we make the decision not toRead MoreShould The Doctor s Call?761 Words   |  4 PagesHere it is -we are all spiritual entities trapped inside a fleshly shell. Spirits (souls) that are neither female nor male - but both - that suddenly find themselves in human form (possibly animal form) and having to deal with the genetic enhancement of that form. So how do we handle this situation? Are we to bend to the strong will of the flesh - OR - serve our time in this particular situation (life on Earth) by playing the hand we are dealt? Aside from the fact that doctors are making genderRead MoreSocial Stratification Is Affected By The Interactions Of Individuals867 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Stratification in Our Community People in our society are often judged, consciously or unconsciously, by the way they look. How someone presents and carries themselves says a lot about them. For this assignment, I chose to go out and judge strangers based on their appearance. The reason I chose to do this was because it was something that I constantly do. Every time I go out, I analyze what class I think a person belongs in and why. In order to come up with accurate predictions, I use theRead MoreThe Automatic Detective, By Lee Martinez845 Words   |  4 Pageslow expectations of them. It does not matter if they know anything about us. We are often judged based on our appearance, race and cultural expectations. These judgments can often lead to people discounting us and lowering their expectations of us. These expectations are all around us; we must choose whether we live up to them or not. People do not live up to these expectations, but instead make their own way. Our appearance is the first thing someone sees. 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Marijuana as a Subculture free essay sample

A subculture is a group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviors that differ in some significant way from that of larger society. Marijuana smokers can be considered a subculture for many reasons. Marijuana is used by millions of people around the world, either for recreational, spiritual, or therapeutic reasons. Some call themselves the cannabis connoisseurs; people who respect cannabis and use it responsibly. Few drugs have been so politicized recently as marijuana has. It is frequently praised by one side and condemned by the other, on the basis of emotional issues rather than an objective view of research. It was 1920 when smoking began to catch on in the United States. Its recreational use was restricted to jazz musicians and people in show business. Reefer songs became the rage of the jazz world. Marijuana clubs, called tea pads, appeared in every major city across the country. Authorities tolerated these establishments because it was not illegal or considered a social threat. In the early sasss marijuana became stereotyped as a violent drug, and by 1936 was illegal in all states. Marijuana research was at a stand still and the thought of it being a violent rug faded and the idea that it was a gateway drug emerged in the late sasss early 1 asss. In the sasss marijuana became very popular among the young college crowd. This was looked at as a challenge to authority and the government. The effects of marijuana are minimal. The high has a feeling of euphoria, peacefulness and well-being. Dehydrogenations (TECH) is the active chemical in marijuana. Its estimated that a person would have to ingest a dose 20,000 to 40,000 times the average dose before death would occur. In the early sasss sophisticated research on marijuana began. The scientists discovered TECH stimulates special receptors in the brain. Researchers have now isolated a natural substance that appears to produce the same effects as TECH in the brain. Recently the medical uses of marijuana are being more and more accepted, and many marijuana smokers wonder how it can be harmful if it helps/treats patients. Marijuana smokers are a subculture because they share sets of beliefs, values, language, and other things that are different from the views of the larger society.They look at things another way because they are pro marijuana, which differs from the rest of society. It is the differences that distinguish part off culture from the rest. They speak the same language as the rest of the culture but they have a different set of definitions for certain words. On every marijuana related website I visited found there was a glossary. All of them were very similar. Some examples of different words contained in the glossary follow. The words high, stoned, blazed, and wasted are all defined as being under the influence of marijuana.Blades, skins, papers, and blunts are all synonyms for the paper used to roll marijuana. Joints and blunts are used to described as rolled marijuana, like a cigarette. The inhalation Of marijuana smoke is called taking a hit, drag, or toke. A bong or bowl is used to smoke marijuana. There are hundreds of different names for marijuana, some of the most popular are: pot, reefer, weed, bud, chronic, ganja, green, grass, Mary Jane, and herb. They also have some symbols that represent things. A very popular one is the marijuana leaf. It can be seen a lot of places such as a bumper sticker or in graffiti. 20 is another common one, it is the number used to represent marijuana or the smoking of it. The best explanation of this is its the California police code for possession of marijuana. Their subculture has a number of beliefs that differ from mainstream society as well. One belief is that marijuana use is increasing rapidly globally and The War on Drugs is a failure. This is one oftener strongest beliefs. They are very correct about both points. The unsuccessful War on Drugs is very costly, and is continuing to keep the tax rate high.A second belief is marijuana must be respected and used responsibly. Many marijuana smokers feel that teenager abuse it because they act so irresponsibly. Another strong belief is that pot is relatively less harmful than alcohol or tobacco. This is true if the facts and tactics are looked at. The last main belief is that marijuana should be decentralized and people should be free to grow and consume it in their own homes. Part of this is true in California, the Only State in which marijuana is decentralized.People are able to smoke marijuana without the legal penalties. Marijuana users have a certain etiquette they follow. Found a list of one hundred six of these, way too many to describe. The first five of these are: 1. Thou shall not turn down a smoke, never, 2. The person who rolls the joint (no matter whose weed it is) gets to spark it and take the iris hits, 3. If someone rolls a nice joint, its good to give the person a compliment on his or her rolling skills, 4. If someone starts hogging the bowl or joint because it is their pot that is definitely not cool, 5.If someone is too uncoordinated to light the bowl or bong they must give control of the lighter to someone able to get it lit. These are their cultures values and unwritten law to be followed. These rules vary throughout the country but remain basically the same. The members of this subculture share certain preferences and habits. The main reason people smoke pot is for the leasing feeling that helps rid them of the daily stress life brings. A man who works as an insurance agent describes this by stating; Smoking marijuana helps me see my life as a continuous whole.It allows me to step back from my daily concerns[] By removing myself temporarily I can see how certain little things are just not as important as I had once thought. This man uses marijuana to unwind from the day. Music also plays a big role in the consumption of marijuana. Smokers claim that music sounds better when they are high. The same with television and movies, they appear clearer and funnier. Social smoking allows for a better understanding of others and often facilitates intimate exchanges. And not to forget about the munchies (which is described in all the glossaries as well. The desire to eat is a direct result Of smoking and may be the closest thing to a universal response to marijuana. These things are particularly common among smokers. The rest of society views the marijuana smoking population in a disapprovingly way. There are a number of anti-drug activists out there tying to push stricter drug laws and end the use of illegal drugs altogether. Society imposed the stereotype that makers are pitheads and believes this to be very true. But the smokers do not want to be associated with the pithead stereotype.They want very much to destroy the connection of marijuana with the tie-dyed, hippy era. Society just assumes smokers are useless, lazy, uneducated bums; which is very inaccurate. There are many hard working people out there that smoke marijuana recreational to relieve stress. First, this cannot be true because there are an inestimable amount of marijuana smokers that successfully keep their habit a secret. These people are able to blend with society, allowing hem to make friends/acquaintances that dont agree with smoking marijuana.People who use marijuana do not look negatively upon the rest of society. They relate and form bonds with the whole culture as normal people would. Marijuana smokers are a subculture for the reasons previously described above. They share a different set of values, beliefs, and etc. From the rest Of society. For example, they have their own terms that describe their practices. They dont mind society but part of society minds them, maybe one day marijuana use wont be as frowned upon. All of these things make marijuana smokers a subculture.

Human Rights And Mental Health Essay Example

Human Rights And Mental Health Essay Ethics are moral values that govern us as individuals and a group on the appropriate conduct in society. Ethics lay down the foundations of how we should live our lives, treat others and ourselves; giving everyone an understanding of what is morally right and wrong in society. Ethics give us a baseline for understanding the concept of right and wrong. Help us to have a ready understanding of how to react to a certain situation before it has happened. As individuals we learn about ethics growing up from our home, school and social interaction. More often than not ethics dont give us a definitive answer to ethical questions, sometimes ethics give multiple choices leaving an individual to choose the correct path to take. In essence they provide us with a system for attempting to come to a morally right decision. Ethics are applied to all aspects of our lives and society, and there are a number of ethical approaches. Medical ethics are ethical models, which are more specific or more applicable to medical situations. Medical ethics have evolved overtime, however the oldest form of medical ethics still in use to day s the Hippocratic Oath, recited still by many graduating Doctors. Hippocrates was a Greek Philosopher and Physician, and the oath has been seen as the basics of medical ethics. (Patient, 2011). Approaches to Medical ethics are many, but commonly include Utilitarianism, Demonology (Kant), (ODL Ethics information pack 2011), and the more modern Four Principles plus scope approach to ethics (BMW, 1994). The Four principles introduces the concepts of Beneficence, Non Maleficent, Autonomy and Justice. BMW, 1994). All medical professions have their own governing bodies, outlining codes of reactive to which they are expected to adhere to. These vary slightly from profession to profession, however the above ethical approaches are over arching guidelines for medical professions in the UK today. For example, Doctors in the UK are governed by the General Medical Council (the GM), who outline the ir codes of practice in the Good Medical Practice (General Medical Council, 2013). Midwives and Nurses are guided by the Nursing and Midwifery Councils (the NC) code of practice, (Nursing midwife Council, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Human Rights And Mental Health specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Human Rights And Mental Health specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Human Rights And Mental Health specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Many ethical theories cross over with one another, which is a reflection of how these models have evolved over time. Utilitarianism, aka consequentiality. This ethical theory is based around the principle that the out come Of a decision should have the greatest good for the greatest number (Advanced Nursing Practice Toolkit, 2012). There are two types of Utilitarianism, Rule and Act. Both have their limitations and benefits. Act Utilitarianism has a main goal of desiring the greatest amount of pleasure for the largest majority (ODL Ethics information pack 201 1), however, the consequences of this are not always predictable. This approach does allow for a flexible approach to decision making given the situation. It works on the understanding that consequences are more important than motivation. Rule utilitarianism, does not have the same flexibility. It states that we must abide by the rules of the society / law that we live in. This means that rules / laws take priority and the consequences are governed by this. (ODL Ethics information pack 201 1). To relate Utilitarianism to a general health care context, imagine if the rights of one individual were to be compromised, but the gain were to benefit broader society? This would be an Act Utilitarianism approach. Kant based ethics is also known as Demonology, meaning duty (Seven Pillars institute, n. D). Kant was a Prussian Philosopher, mathematician and scientist in the eighteenth century. He believed we should base our decisions on what is right, using reason and rationality (ODL Ethics information pack 201 1). Demonology is easily compared to Utilitarianism. Demonology respects the rights of individuals and it places values on the desires and wants of individuals (Advance Nursing Practice Toolkit, 2012). It requires a level of reasoning, and an understanding of what and who ones duty is to. With these thoughts in mind, we have the introduction of the concept of Autonomy. Autonomy is the freedom of an individual will (ODL Ethics information pack 2014). Again, to put this into a health care setting, by allowing a patient to act with autonomy allows them to have an opinion about their health care and to be proactively involved in making informed decisions for themselves. This is an interesting point if we are to think about patients in mental health care who may have had, by law some of these rights taken away from them. The Four principles approach is an approach used often in modern healthcare, developed by Beachhead and Childless in 2008 (Advance Nursing Practice Toolkit, 2012). It has four key principles, which are, Beneficence, non maleficent, Autonomy and Justice. Beneficence requires us to do good in our actions. We must seek the best outcome for our patients. This can sometimes however leave us with a conflict between non-maleficent and Autonomy. Non-maleficent means that we must first do no harm. Whether this is to not maim or injure someone, or to not increase the potential harm to someone. If we combined beneficence and non- maleficent, each action must produce more good than harm. Justice, we have an obligation to treat al people equally, fairly and impartially (Theodore Craggy, 2012). It aims to reach a balance of what is deserved to an individual in regards to entitlement and fairness. After looking at Kant approach to ethics, Utilitarianism, and all of the Four Principles, it is easy to see how these have become molded into modern society, but also how they do not give us clear answers as to how to deal with an ethical issue. They do however provide us with guidelines to help one find a balanced, informed decision. Human right first came to recognition internationally by the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (Liberty 80, n. D). Becoming legally recognizable n the LIKE by 2000 when the Human Rights Act 1998 became part of domestic law. (Mind, 2013). From the moment you are born you become subject to Human Rights, every human being inherits these rights regardless of SeX, race, nationality ethnic origin or any other status. These rights are regarded internationally as universal and lay down obligations expected of governments to promote groups or individuals freedoms. (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2014). The World Health Organization defines mental health as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the aroma stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community(World Health Organization, 2014). Its all about how we think and feel. A mental disorder is defined as any disorder of disability of the mind. There are many potential ethical issues surrounding people with mental health problems. These range from the use of restraints on patients, which often occurs in psychiatric institutions, the degrading and harmful care and treatment of patients as well as unsanitary living conditions. Under the Mental Health Act people in mental health care do not have their sights restricted unless it is for their own protection. The Mental Health Act was introduced for the protection of patients with mental health issues. Enabling them to be detained and treated involuntarily should there be any concern for the safety of themselves or others. (Mental health care, 2013). Patients in mental health care units are sometimes restrained by health care staff. This is particularly controversial topic, due to the not only the degrading nature of face down restraining, but also due to a number of deaths occurring whilst patients are restrained. According to the Mental Health Act patient that has been detained can be restrained providing the caregivers feel the patient is a threat to themselves or others or is necessary for the purpose of treatment. In a recent article in the Guardian, it was reported that in one year almost 40,000 incidents of mental health patients being physically restrained were recorded; over 3000 of these were in the facedown position which according to the charity MIND is potentially a life-threatening position. (The Guardian, 2013). The Northumberland NASH Tone and Wear Foundations said it only used the safest and most proportionate response when patients posed a risk to themselves or others. BBC, 2013). Its report that in 201 2 almost 1000 injuries and 13 deaths were sustained through the use of the face down restraint. Nursing in practice, 2013). The most well documented case of a death occurring due to being held in this face down prone position is that of David Rocky Bennett. There are a number of documented cases of deaths by restraint of mental health patients whilst in custody, but there is no governing body responsible for the investigation of these types of deaths in physicality units (Inquest, 2013). David Bennett was a patient in a Physicality unit in Norfolk and had been buffering with schizophrenia for a number of years. Details taken from a report in the Guardian (The Guardian, 2004), explain that an argument broke out between Mr. Bennett and another patient, resulting in the other patient being punched by Mr. Bennett. The staff decided to move Mr. Bennett to another ward to calm him. This was perceived by Mr. Bennett as a racist decision, and anger and frustration soon built up in Mr. Bennett. A nurse on this second ward told Mr. Bennett that he would be staying on the ward for the night and he hit this nurse three times on the side of the face. This is when the staff stepped in and restrained him. This restraint was in the form of the prone position, and he was initially held by five nurses. An inquest carried out in conjunction with INQUEST, gave a verdict of being due to prolonged restraint and long-term anti- psychotic drug therapy and returned a verdict of Accidental Death aggravated by Neglect on 17 May 2001 (Inquest, 2004). This report goes on to explain that the bruises on Mr. Bonnets body were the result of excessive force having being used, which would not have happened if an approved restraint method had been used. It is indisputable that the preventable death of any individual is shocking and unacceptable. If we look at how medical ethics should be applied to this case, it is clear to see how Act Utilitarianism could be applied, revealing its weaknesses also. Act would say that the consequences are to be of most benefit for the larger number. So Mr. Bennett, who was acting violently, and the staff restringing him, could be justified as they were trying to make the situation safer for more people (patients and staff) than just one individual, IEEE Mr. Bennett. Clearly, as stated earlier, the results of these consequences are sometimes unpredictable and unknown; in this case they were catastrophic. Consequences are seen to be more important than motivation, so if the intended consequence were to calm and control a violent patient, the motivation for this would not be of importance. Rule would expect the laws / rules be followed were the correct procedures followed in restraining Mr. Bennett? The INQUEST inquiry reported that restraint was not carried out in an approved manner. Kant approach, which encompasses patient Autonomy is a little more complicated in application given the mental health setting. It has to be considered who the duty of the staff involved should have been to. If this is applied to Mr. Bennett and considering the notion of what is right and reasonable, he was frustrated and vulnerable, so more care should have been taken in his handling. However, if it is viewed that in the given situation of Mr. Bennett being violent, perhaps the duty was to protect staff and to calm Mr. Bennett for his own safety. From a strictly deontological view, Mr. Bennett opinions and desires should have been taken into account. However, this is where a solely Kant approach is difficult to apply given Mr. Bennett mental health and the apparent violent Outburst. The four principles approach is perhaps easier to see in it s application. Beneficence, to do good and the best for the care of the patient. If it was that Mr. Bennett needed restraining for his own safety, it should still have been carried out in such a way that he was safe and the justification for this act was to benefit him. Non-maleficent, first, do no harm. To apply this, Mr. Bonnets restraint would have been very different, even before it resulted in his death. This harm could be perceived as the mental and emotional effects of being held face down by five nurses, not least the physical effects. Autonomy we have discussed with Cants approach. Lastly, justice. Was a balanced decision made about what was fair to Mr. Bennett? Was he treated equally and with fairness? Justice would perhaps suggest not. After applying different ethical approaches to the controversial topic of face down restraint in mental health care. It clear to see how no one approach will ever give clear cut guidelines. They do however give us a way to make a balanced and rational decision. The very sad case of Mr. Bennett shows how if staff and institutions dont have thorough training, policies and procedures human rights certainly can be infringed. A strong emphasis on the medical ethics and human rights should e ingrained into standard western medicine, but it would seem that within mental health care settings, these are sometimes lacking.

Earth Simulator Essays

Earth Simulator Essays Earth Simulator Essay Earth Simulator Essay Earth Simulator Center Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Earth Environment System Today’s talk What is the Earth Simulator ? Gift from the Earth Simulator – High resolution simulation Impact – Synoptic scale impact Heat wave †¦ Silk Road Patterns – Cloud resolve-Synoptic scale extreams Typhoon †¦ multi-scale simulations – Climate change projection Global Warming †¦ contribute to IPCC report – Solid earth simulation Earth quark †¦ Wave Propergation forecasting – Aurora arc simulation Toward advanced simulation methodology Next stream in future The Earth Simulator ? Development of ES started in 1997 with the aim of making a comprehensive understanding of global environmental changes such as global warming. ?The Kyoto Protocol was opened for signature on 11th Dec. 1997. ? Developed in Mar. 2002 by STA (MEXT) and NEC with 400 M$ investment. ?Project had been strongly promoted under Dr. Miyoshi’s direction. (Dr. Miyoshi: Passed away in Nov. 2001. ) ? Its construction was completed at the end of February, 2002 . ?The operation started from March 2002 at the Earth Simulator Center in Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC). Computenik news in New York TImes , 1st prize in Top 500 from 2002-2004†¦.. (still)14th in Top 500 today. Earth Simulator ’s Impact on Society Mission of the Earth Simulator Projects ENVIRONMENT Protection of lives and properties from natural disasters and environmental destruction INDUSTRY Huge cost reduction in innovative technology development which requires massive investments SCIENCE EARTH SIMULATOR Development of innovative research tools attaching farfrom-equilibrium, nonlinear and open systems HUMAN Paradigm shift to glob al, future-oriented way of thinking Location of Earth Simulator Facilities TokyoEarth Simulator Site The Earth Simulator Hard Disk Process Nodes Tape Archive System Connection Network Air Conditioning 65m Power Supply 50m Free Access Floor The Earth Simulator Hard Disk Process Nodes Tape Archive System Connection Network Air Conditioning 65m Power Supply 50m Free Access Floor The Earth Simulator Hard Disk Process Nodes Tape Archive System Connection Network Air Conditioning 65m Power Supply 50m Free Access Floor The Earth Simulator Hard Disk Process Nodes Tape Archive System Connection Network Air Conditioning 65m Power Supply 50m Free Access Floor The Earth Simulator Hard Disk Process NodesTape Archive System Connection Network Air Conditioning 65m Power Supply 50m Free Access Floor The Earth Simulator Hard Disk Process Nodes Tape Archive System Connection Network Air Conditioning 65m Power Supply 50m Free Access Floor The Earth Simulator Hard Disk Process Nodes Tape Archive System Connection Network Air Conditioning 65m Power Supply 50m Free Access Floor Earth Simulator Building Peak Performance : 40 TFlops Main Memory : 10 TBytes Magnetic Disk Tape : 2. 5 PBytes 640 processor nodes Magnetic Disks Connect Network 65m Power Supply Air-Conditioning Base-Isolation 50m Configuration of the Earth Simulator Peak performance/AP Peak performance/PN Shared memory/PN : 8Gflops : 64Gflops : 16GB Total number of APs : 5120 Total number of PNs : 640 Total peak performance : 40Tflops Total main memory : 10TB Interconnection Network (full crossbar switch) Shared Memory 16GB Arithmetic Processor #1 Arithmetic Processor #7 Arithmetic Processor #0 Shared Memory 16GB Arithmetic Processor #0 Arithmetic Processor #7 Arithmetic Processor #1 Shared Memory 16GB Arithmetic Processor #0 Arithmetic Processor #1 Arithmetic Processor #7 Processor Node #0 Processor Node #1 Processor Node #639 Mass Data Processing System (MDPS): 2. 5PBNetwork System Yokohama Institute-Network Super SINET October, 2004 ES-Network Ferry System FTP MDPS Server MDPS Graphic WS BRAVE Data Handling WS Login Server ES-LAN Earth Simulator Allocation of ES resources for 2006 Strategic Project Earth Science Climate Change Solid Earth Natural Disasters International cooperation Industrial application etc Innovative Project Space and Astrophysics Government Project IPCC Contribution etc Computer Science Next Generation Algorithm Next Generation Architecture Next Generation Programming Language Atomic Energy CFD Application Nano Technology BioChemistry etc International Cooperative Research USASCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Development of high resolution reanalysis data THE CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCH SCIENTIFIQUE (CNRS) THE INSTITUT FRANCAIS DE RECHERCHE POUR LEXPLOITATIOAN DE LA MER (IFREMER) Impact of convective system in equatorial area of ocean RECHERCH PREVISION NUMERIQUE, METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF CANADA (PRN/MSC) Ultra high resolution sim ulation of Hurricane Earl ITALIAN AEROSPACE RESEARCH CENTER (CIRA) [emailprotected]@[emailprotected]@[emailprotected]@[emailprotected]@[emailprotected] High resolution weather forecasting in Italia-Alps region A @ A @ A FOR A @ A @ ATMOSPHERIC A @ NERC [emailprotected] A @GLOBAL A @ A @ A @ A @MODELLING (NCAS) METOFFICE, HADLEY CENTRE FOR CLIMATE PREDICTION AND RESEARCH A @ A @ rance [emailprotected] F [emailprotected] Canada [emailprotected]@ Italy [emailprotected] UK USA USA USA [emailprotected] USA NATIONAL ENERGY RESEARCH SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING (NERSC) CENTER AT LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY Estimation of HPC THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN Validation and Estimation of High performance Computing Advanced Visualization Method for tera-bite scale data DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY GEOPHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA THE INTERNATIONAL ARCTIC RESEARCH CENTER (IARC) OF THE (DGG/UMN) Advanced Visualization Method for tera-bite scale data UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS Development of advanced polar region odeling A @ A @ A @ A @ A @ INSTITUTE OF HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING [emailprotected] Development of advanced computational methods Singapore [emailprotected]@ [emailprotected] NATIONAL APPLIED RESEARCH LABORATORIES [emailprotected] High resolution weather forecasting modeling Impact of Ultra High Resolution Simulation for Global Atmosphere Global Ocean Typhoon Simulation 300 km vs. 10 km Horizontal resolution: 300 km Horizontal resolution: 10 km Comparison of the Kuroshio Current 100 km vs. 10 km horizontal resolution: 100 km Horizontal resolution: 10 km A Global Atmospheric Circulation Simulation with a horizontal resolution of 10 kmA Global Oceanic Circulation Simulation with a horizontal resolution of 10 km Antarctic Flow Simulation 10km resolution in the horizontal Synoptic scale impact Heat wave †¦ Silk Road Patterns Temperaturedistribution on July 20, 2004 Hydrostatic AGCM:AFES Simulation Observation Japan Meteorological Agency High Pressure developm ent resulting from meandering Westerly Silk Road Pattern Impact of Cloud resolving scale – Synoptic scale Simulation NASA O(1000)km NASA O(1000)km O(100)m NASA O(1000)km O(100)m NASA How strong will be extream under Global Warming ? Cloud Effect and Weather/ClimateCloud Effect and Weather/Climate About 10km O(100)m Cloud Effect and Weather/Climate O(1000)km About 10km O(100)m Cloud Effect and Weather/Climate O(1000)km About 10km O(100)m Not only impact to extream but also to climate change through radiation processes Scientific Gland Challenge Impact of Cloud Scale Weather Synoptic Scale Climate Change Requirements: Long Integration with Ultra High Resolution + Various components e. g. Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction (at least) Multi-Scale Simulator for Geoenvironment (MSSG) Scalability Days Weeks Prediction 1 5km for horizontal 100 vertical layersLocal heavy Rain Prediction, etc. Seasonal Annual Prediction 5-40 km for horizontal, 100 vertical layers Urban Weather /Climate Predi ction 10m 2km for horizontal, 200 vertical layers Data: Geographical Survey Institute 5 Days Forecasting of Typhoon 10 of 2003 MSSG, non-hydrostatic Global Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Simulation Horizontal resolution km Vertical resolution layers 2. 7 72 Typhoon ETAU Sea Surface Temperature after Typhoon 11 tracking JAXA eorc. nasda. go. jp/imgdata/topics/2005/tp050922. html 2005 Aqua, NASA Sea Surface temperature averaged for 5 days(24th August 28th August)Sea Surface Temperature after Typhoon 11 tracking JAXA eorc. nasda. go. jp/imgdata/topics/2005/tp050922. html 2005 Aqua, NASA Sea Surface temperature averaged for 5 days(24th August 28th August) Rainfall Prediction associated with Typhoon 10 Global with 5. 5 km resolution Observation: Nested with 1. 15 km resolution Global Warming Global Warming Simulation for IPCC AR4 CREAPI (Japan) and NCAR: National Center of Atmospheric Research (USA) A1B 750ppm:const Overshoot B1 550ppm:const ?A1B senario†¦ gradually up ? overshooting se nario gradually down and constantChange of Precipitation in Summer Season under Global Warming Center for Climate System Research (CCSR), University of Tokyo National Institute of Environment System (NIES) Frontier Research System Center (JAMSTEC) increased 2005 70 2075 The number of hot days will be increased decreased After 70 years from now, Averaged precipitation will be increasing. 2. 5 Global averaged temperature will be up of 2. 5 2005 70 2075 Heavy precipitation will be increasing Earthquake Tokyo beneath M7 Earthquake Prof. Furumura ( Univ. Tokyo) Kumagaya Kumagaya Shinjuku 80 80 Kumagay a Shinjuku Shinnjuku 30 30Seismic wave propagation Intensity 100 cm rocky Domain 85km 90km 102km Resolution:50m 6. 3G meshes) Crust sedimentary and rocky CPU hour sedimentary Formation of aurora arcs obtained by simulation from the satellite from the ground ( Sun-Magnetosphere-Ionosphere interaction) SUN Micro-instability Solar Wind m 10 Simulation of Aurora Arc Formation Formation of Doub le Layer the energy spectrum of accelerated precipitating electrons Aurora Arc formation Calculate aurora brightening by oxygen and nitrogen excitation by energized precipitating electrons Magnetic field lines Down-going electrons EarthUp-going electrons Magnetosphere Convection Magnetosphere Convection 100,000,000 m macroscopic scale Streams to the Near Future Mltiscale-Multiphysics Simulations Earth Simulator provides us  »  »  »  »  » First step to Multi-scale/physics simulation Obtained the tool Next perspectives to the future Realistic feelings/motivations by researchers Further advanced simulation Science Impact of Extremes: Typhoon, Hurricane Heavy rain , Draut Atmospheric Dynamics Ocean Heat Content : Climate Change On NEXT Generation Peta-scale Supercomputing System In the Ntional Project promoted by RIKEN Thank you.

Evaluate the contributions of Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois to the Harlem Essay

Evaluate the contributions of Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois to the Harlem Renaissance - Essay Example Following his call for racial pride, a movement called the United Negro Improvement Association was formed, turning most Blacks into adopting the socialist and communist social practices (Gifford 2). The movement preceded a united front of African Americans from all social and economic points unwilling to settle for further oppressions. This rebellion received unprecedented publishing job opportunities among the African Americans. Activists like W. E. B. Du Bois used this opportunities to influence and motivate the people into racial consciousness and pride. Harlem Renaissance’s artistic output had two ideologies; one presented by Du Bois and others who saw artistic art as a platform where talented African Americans could lead in the fight for equality (Gifford 4). Du Bois contributed heavily towards the organization of the Niagara Movement, an assembly of black leaders opposed to the Washingtons leadership and was committed to fighting for civil equality for African Americans. This movement, however, never achieved a firm institutional foundation except for that it signaled a new black assertiveness and contributing directly to the establishment of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Du Bois moved to New York City where he took office as the director of publicity for NAACP his role being to edit its monthly journal, ‘The Crisis’ (Gifford 3). Organized economic and political movements helped the Harlem Renaissance by creating a new sense of power (Gifford 4). In his work The New Negro, Du Bois exudes a sense of social pride that was the theme in the Harlem Renaissance. Du Bois emphasizes the need for a united race in conquering discrimination. Using his artistic wits and social privileges, Du Bois provided a liberating step in the search for Africa American cultural identity and on their terms. Using Negro Art, he argued that

Global Operations Management of Wal-Mart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Global Operations Management of Wal-Mart - Essay Example The paper tells that global supply chain management focuses on the process of planning and optimizing the different international and local processes of procurement, production, and distribution. In order to manage the global or international supply chain in effective and efficient manner, it is required to integrate all supply chain partners in the overall process. Wal-Mart is operating in the industry of international retailing for a couple of years. The company has been in the business of providing different products and goods to the end consumers all over the world. Wal-Mart is known to be one of the largest retail organization in the global industry. Apart from different physical superstores and hypermarkets, Wal-Mart has also entered into the industry or electronic commerce by offering products through online retail stores. Wal-Mart has been able to create the competitive edge in the industry on the basis of considerably low prices. And for this, it has used efficient and effec tive supply chain strategies to increase the responsiveness of the global supply chain and at the same time increase the overall efficiency of the supply chain. Wal-Mart has been able to integrate different stages and partners of the supply chain together with the help of different technological systems like Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. The supply chain of Wal-Mart is more complicated because of the fact that it has to integrate different manufacturers in the whole process. For example, the let's consider the example of a simple detergent provided by the company. Production is about producing and manufacturing different products and goods. In reference to Wal-Mart, the main function of production is handled by different manufacturers and Wal-Mart focuses on the process of making these products

Social Movements Essay Example for Free

Social Movements Essay All societies undergo changes. In some cases these may be gradual, i.e., spread over a long period of time. In others they may be rapid. Social change, as we know by now, does not take place merely by chance or due to some factors predetermined by fate. There are several forces operating simultaneously in society, which bring about change. Some of these may be external to social institutions. Changes caused by a change in the economy or the production relations are one such instance. At the same time, there are change- producing agents inside a society as well. Social movements are one of these internal forces, which contribute to changes. A social movement is defined as â€Å"sustained collective action† over time. * Such action is often directed against the state and takes the form of demanding changes in state policy or practice. * Such collective action is often marked by organisation. Spontaneous, disorganised protest cannot be called a social movement. * This organisation may include a leadership and a structure that defines how the members relate to one another, make decisions and carry them out. Those participating in a social movement have shared objectives and ideologies. * The social movements are designed to promote change or resist change in the society in which the attempt is made. So collective attempt may be to alter, inaugurate, supplant, restore or reinstate all or some aspects of the social order. In the recent literature, a distinction is often made between old and new social movements. This distinction is often stipulated on the ground that while old social movements are generally class-based and concerned with issues of economic redistribution, the new social movements (NSMs) are commonly a feature of post-industrial or â€Å"postmodern† societies. They are not narrowly caste based and generally raise questions like ecological protection and climate change or hitherto neglected issues of gender, justice, sexuality etc. However this distinction is neither precise nor universally valid. Old social movements were class based such as working class movements and peasant movements or anti-colonial movements. NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS (NSMs) New social movements are the products of a post-industrial social formation where the welfare state had made classic forms of exploitation and deprivation obsolete but where modern society created new forms of alienation. These movements demonstrated that class had become redundant as organising form of social identity and action. Some of the recent movements particularly in and after the 1960s in Europe such as peace movement, ecological movement, women’s movement etc. are called ‘new’ social movement. In India, enormous increase of middle class and in student population as well as a surge of political activism in the 1970s and 1980s engendered a new phenomenon, described as new social movements. These movements revolve around the issue of identity – dalit, adivasi, women, human rights, environment etc. They are called ‘new’ social movements because they have raised the issues related to identity and autonomy which are non-class issues and do not confront with the state. Issues that animate NSMs are less concerned with economic production and redistribution than with removal of corruption, protection of environment, provision of civic utilities, gender equality and child rights, employment , rights of the most vulnerable and marginalised section of population like those living in hilly and forest areas and victims of big dams. Good governance and human rights generally are other areas where NSMs are much in evidence. Characteristics of New Social Movements are described below: 1. The New Social Movements (NSM) are not directing their collective action to state power. They are concerned with individual and collective morality. Individual membership or participation and motivation in all sorts of social movements contain a strong moral component and defensive concern with justice in the social and world order. These movements are primarily social and are more concerned with cultural sphere and mobilisation of civil society on socio-cultural issues than with the political issues like seizure of power. 2. The new social movements are not class–based. They are multi-class. In fact, they do not subscribe to the theory that society is divided on class line and the classes are antagonistic. The new social movements are either ethnic or nationalist and plural. Women’s movement is an example. NSMs are not concerned for the benefit of one class or group. They are concerned for the good of every one irrespective of class. 3. The new social movements are confined to and concerned with civil society. NSMs raise the issue of the ‘self-defence’ of the community and society against the increasing expansion of the state apparatuses: agencies of surveillance and social control. 4. NSMs are not around economic issues of land, wages or property. They are primarily concerned with self- identity and autonomy of an individual and community against the state, market and social institutions. Therefore, dalit movement for dignity and adivasis movement for their autonomy are treated as NSM. 5. These movements tend to focus on single issues, transient questions, regional and local issues and even sectional interests (which are aimed towards narrow identities than larger objective interests) for this reason they are often called â€Å"micro movements†. they catch on the long felt needs of locals and masses at the disempowered grassroots in the top heavy political and economic systems of India. 6. NSM organisations tend to be segmented, diffuse and decentralised. 7. New social movements tend to focus on issues that cross national boundaries, and hence they become internationalist. Environmental movements, LGBT Movement are examples of NSMs that transcend international borders. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and New Social Movements on the national and Global planes have flourished as never before. Various New social Movements in India Environmental Movement The Indian environmental movement is critical of the colonial model of development pursued by the post–colonial state. The post–independent state failed to build up a development agenda based on the needs of the people and continued to advocate the modern capitalist agenda which led to the destruction of environment, poverty and marginalisation of rural communities. The environmental movement in India advocated the ideology of ‘environmentalism of the poor’. It not only critised modern developmentalism but also strongly advocated the revival of traditional ‘self –sufficient village economy’. The environmentalist stated that local communities were best suited to conserve natural resources as their survival depended in the sustainable use of such resources. A significant characteristic of environmental movements in India is that they have mainly involved the women, the poor and disadvantaged masses who have been directly affected by or are victims of environmental degradation. Thus, these movements are primarily political expressions of the struggle of local communities and people who are victims of environmental degradation or abuse of resources. The origin of modern environmentalism and environmental movements in India can be ascribed to the Chipko movement in the central Himalayan region. Chipko as a spontaneous movement started in the early 70s and got organized under the able leadership of Sunderlal Bahuguna. It was ignited by the opposition of the people of the Tehri-Garhwal region to the felling of trees by outside contractors. In the Himalayan regions, forests form an indispensable source of livelihood for the tribal population living there. Chipko literally means ‘hugging’ the trees. The movement articulated the concerns of forest-based communities such as depletion of forests, erosion of soil and consequent landslides, drying up of local streams and other water resources and shortages of fuel and fodder for domestic consumption. It also fought against the construction of the Tehri dam which threatened the eviction of around 25,000 hilly residents. Though the movement has not succeeded in all its endeavours, it has achieved some commendable victories. Getting ban on felling trees above an altitude of 1000m and forcing the government to announce certain forest areas as protected regions are some of the successes of the movement. Chipko, being a non-violent resistance movement, embodies the Gandhian spirit of struggle. Chipko movement inspired green cover movements elsewhere in the country, the most important being the Appiko movement in the Western Ghats against the over-felling of trees and covering forest lands with commercial trees replacing the natural ones. Like the Chipko, the Appiko movement revived the Gandhian way of protest and mobilisation for sustainable society in which there is a balance between man and nature. The other popular movements of importance in India, which have environmental protection as one of their objectives, relate to major dams. Notable among them are Tehri Dam, Silent Valley Project and Narmada Valley Projects. In fact, the most popular movement in the environmental history of India is the movement against the Narmada River Valley Project called Narmada Bachao Andolan. Though the movement started as early as late 1970s, along with the clearance of the project, it received momentum only during late 1980s. To start with, this movement was cantered around the issue of human rights. Due to improper implementation of the rehabilitation programmes by the State the human rights activists have become the articulators of anti-dam protests. Their demands included complete stopping of the dam, resettlement and rehabilitation benefits to the oustees. These demands were aptly supported by environmentalists who oppose construction of large dams for ecological reasons. The movement, however, gained wider public attention with mobilization and organization of oustees (mostly tribals ) and the joining of the eminent social workers like Baba Amte, Sunderlal Bahuguna and Medha Patkar. Though its wider public attention is due to its coverage (impact) in three states, the most notable feature of this movement is the international support it has received. The campaign forced international financial agencies like World Bank and USAID to withdraw funding for the project. While this Gandhian movement could not stop the construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam, it did force the states concerned- Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh- to address the issue of rehabilitation of the displaced more seriously than before. Thus environmental and ecological movements became prominent in India since the 1970s.The issues raised by them concern all sections of society in varying degrees. These issues are also related to people’s dignity, environmental rights and their decision-making rights on the issues concerning them. Women’s Movement Throughout the period after independence the prevailing view was that development, industrialization and economic growth would deliver the results as they had been seen elsewhere in the developed world; all would be beneficiaries of development, women included. This soon proved not to hold true in the Indian society. A report from the Committee on the Status of Women in India released in 1974 showed that not only had the conditions for women in India not improved, for many women, especially the poor, the conditions had worsened. Gender differences had become greater in political participation, education, health and employment. The 1970s and 1980s witnessed the growth of numerous women’s groups that took up issues such as dowry deaths, bride burning, rape and sati and focused on violence against women. They stressed the sexual oppression of women in a way previous reform or feminist groups had never done. Some of the earliest autonomous women’s groups were the Progressive Organization of Women (POW, Hyderabad), the Forum Against Rape (now redefined as Forum Against Oppression of Women), Stree Sangharsh and Samata (Delhi). Among the first campaigns that women’s groups took up was the struggle against rape in 1980. This was triggered by the judgment of the Supreme Court to acquit two policemen who were accused of raping a minor tribal girl, Mathura, despite the fact that the High Court had indicted them. This led to country- wide demonstrations. Several other rape cases became part of this campaign that culminated after several years of protest in Government agreeing to change the existing rape law. The amended law was enacted in 1983 after long discussions with women’s groups. The POW in Hyderabad organized new and fresh protests against dowry. In the late 1970s, Delhi became the focus of the movement against dowry and the violence inflicted on women in the marital home. Groups, which took up the campaign, included ‘Stree Sangharsh’ and ‘Mahila Dakshita Samiti’. Later, a joint front called the ‘Dahej Virodhi Chetna Mandal’ (organization for creating consciousness against dowry) was formed under whose umbrella a large number of organizations worked. The anti-dowry campaign attempted to bring social pressure to bear on offenders so that they would be isolated in the community in which they lived. Women’s organizations also succeeded in getting the dowry law changed. There were several campaigns in the eighties relating to women’s rights. Among them was a campaign, in 1985, in support of the Supreme Court judgment in the divorce case where Shah Bano, a Muslim woman, had petitioned the Court for maintenance from her husband under Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Act and the Court granted her demand. The orthodox Muslims, however, protested against interference with their personal law. In 1986, the government introduced the Muslim Women’s (Protection of Rights in Divorce) Bill denying Muslim women redress under Section 125. Women’s associations protested against this outside Parliament. The Committee of the Status of Women also stated in its report that seats should be reserved for women in municipalities, and proposed that panchayats should include women to secure a minimum percentage of female participation. In 1993 this was adopted nationally when the Constitution Act 1992 (73rd Amendment) and The Constitution Act 1992 (74th Amendment) were passed, relating reservations for women to panchayats and municipalities. One-third of seats in all panchayats and municipalities nationwide, as well as one-third of the position of being chairpersons in the bodies, were reserved for women .The reservations acts were passed without any opposition in the Parliament, and with only a minor debate. However, the bill on Women’s reservation in Parliament has not yet been passed. Over the years it has become clear that changing laws alone means little unless there is a will to implement them and unless there is education and literacy which makes women aware of their rights and allows them to exercise them effectively. It was this realization that has led the women’s movement to take up, in a more concerted manner, programmes of legal literacy and education, gender sensitization of textbooks and media. The issues today are sexual harassment at the work place, the violence of development, caste and communal violence, lobbying for increased political participation of women in the highest levels of decision-making, etc. The success of the women’s movement has not been in the number of women appointed to office or in the number of laws passed but in the fact that it has brought about a new consciousness on the entire question of women in Indian society.